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Martius (month)
''Martius'' or ''mensis Martius'' ("March)" was the first month of the ancient Roman year until possibly as late as 153 BC.〔H.H. Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'' (Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 84.〕 After that time, it was the third month, following ''Februarius'' (February) and preceding ''Aprilis'' ("April"). ''Martius'' was one of the few Roman months named for a deity, Mars, who was regarded as an ancestor of the Roman people through his sons Romulus and Remus.
March marked a return to the active life of farming, military campaigning, and sailing. It was densely packed with religious observances dating from the earliest period of Roman history. Because of its original position as the first month, a number of festivals originally associated with the new year occurred in March. In the Imperial period, March was also a time for public celebration of syncretic or international deities whose ''cultus'' was spread throughout the empire, including Isis and Cybele.
==In the agricultural year==
The ''menologia rustica'' told farmers to expect 12 hours of daylight and 12 of night in March. The spring equinox was placed March 25. The tutelary deity of the month is Minerva, and the Sun was in Pisces. Farmers were instructed in this month to trellis vines, to prune, and to sow spring wheat.〔Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic'', p. 85.〕
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